@article {401,
	title = {Three-dimensional context regulation of metastasis.},
	journal = {Clin Exp Metastasis},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {35-49},
	abstract = {<p>Tumor progression ensues within a three-dimensional microenvironment that consists of cellular and non-cellular components. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and hypoxia are two non-cellular components that potently influence metastasis. ECM remodeling and collagen cross-linking stiffen the tissue stroma to promote transformation, tumor growth, motility and invasion, enhance cancer cell survival, enable metastatic dissemination, and facilitate the establishment of tumor cells at distant sites. Matrix degradation can additionally promote malignant progression and metastasis. Tumor hypoxia is functionally linked to altered stromal-epithelial interactions. Hypoxia additionally induces the expression of pro-migratory, survival and invasion genes, and up-regulates expression of ECM components and modifying enzymes, to enhance tumor progression and metastasis. Synergistic interactions between matrix remodeling and tumor hypoxia influence common mechanisms that maximize tumor progression and cooperate to drive metastasis. Thus, clarifying the molecular pathways by which ECM remodeling and tumor hypoxia intersect to promote tumor progression should identify novel therapeutic targets.</p>
},
	keywords = {Cell Division, Collagen, Disease Progression, Homeostasis, Humans, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasms},
	issn = {1573-7276},
	doi = {10.1007/s10585-008-9209-8},
	author = {Erler, Janine T and Weaver, Valerie M}
}
@article {431,
	title = {Mammary epithelial cell: influence of extracellular matrix composition and organization during development and tumorigenesis.},
	journal = {Int J Biochem Cell Biol},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {1987-94},
	abstract = {<p>Stromal-epithelial interactions regulate mammary gland development and are critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The extracellular matrix, which is a proteinaceous component of the stroma, regulates mammary epithelial growth, survival, migration and differentiation through a repertoire of transmembrane receptors, of which integrins are the best characterized. Integrins modulate cell fate by reciprocally transducing biochemical and biophysical cues between the cell and the extracellular matrix, facilitating processes such as embryonic branching morphogenesis and lactation in the mammary gland. During breast development and cancer progression, the extracellular matrix is dynamically altered such that its composition, turnover, processing and orientation change dramatically. These modifications influence mammary epithelial cell shape, and modulate growth factor and hormonal responses to regulate processes including branching morphogenesis and alveolar differentiation. Malignant transformation of the breast is also associated with significant matrix remodeling and a progressive stiffening of the stroma that can enhance mammary epithelial cell growth, perturb breast tissue organization, and promote cell invasion and survival. In this review, we discuss the role of stromal-epithelial interactions in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cell behavior. We specifically focus on how dynamic modulation of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix elicit a dialogue with the mammary epithelium through transmembrane integrin receptors to influence tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and malignant transformation.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Lineage, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Epithelial Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Female, Humans, Mammary Glands, Human, Neoplasms},
	issn = {1357-2725},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocel.2007.06.025},
	author = {Kass, Laura and Erler, Janine T and Dembo, Micah and Weaver, Valerie M}
}
